Marx's Surplus Value Theory
A core theory proposed by Karl Marx in "Das Kapital". Surplus value is the portion of value created by workers that exceeds the value of their labor power, which is appropriated by capitalists without compensation. This is the essence of capitalist exploitation.
Production Parameters
Total Output Value
8000
yuan/day
Total Wages (Labor Power Value)
1600
yuan/day
Surplus Value
6400
yuan/day
Rate of Surplus Value
400
%
💰 Core Formulas
Surplus Value (m) = Total Output Value - Labor Power Value
Rate of Surplus Value (m') = m / v × 100%
Rate of Profit (p') = m / (c + v) × 100%
Where:
m = Surplus Value
v = Variable Capital (Wages)
c = Constant Capital (Means of Production)
Rate of Surplus Value (m') = m / v × 100%
Rate of Profit (p') = m / (c + v) × 100%
Where:
m = Surplus Value
v = Variable Capital (Wages)
c = Constant Capital (Means of Production)
⚙️ Absolute Surplus Value
Increasing surplus value by extending the workday or increasing labor intensity.
- Extend working hours
- Reduce rest time
- Increase labor intensity
- Subject to physical and social limits
🔧 Relative Surplus Value
Increasing surplus value by raising labor productivity and shortening necessary labor time.
- Improve production technology
- Enhance labor efficiency
- Reduce the value of means of subsistence
- Primary mode of capitalist development
📊 Historical Significance
Reveals the essence of capitalist exploitation and the secret of capital accumulation.
- Scientific explanation of capital accumulation
- Reveals the root of class antagonism
- Guides workers' movements
- Influences modern labor laws